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timm23  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)


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    Santa Cruz Biotechnology timm23
    IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, <t>TIMM23,</t> PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "Immunoglobulin G complexes from post-infectious ME/CFS, including post-COVID ME/CFS disrupt cellular energetics and alter inflammatory marker secretion ☆ "

    Article Title: Immunoglobulin G complexes from post-infectious ME/CFS, including post-COVID ME/CFS disrupt cellular energetics and alter inflammatory marker secretion ☆

    Journal: Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

    doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101187

    IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, TIMM23, PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
    Figure Legend Snippet: IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, TIMM23, PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

    Techniques Used: Confocal Microscopy, Expressing, Purification, Control, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY, Western Blot, Cleavage Assay



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    IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, <t>TIMM23,</t> PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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    Proteintech timm23
    IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, <t>TIMM23,</t> PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
    Timm23, supplied by Proteintech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    rabbit anti timm23  (Proteintech)
    96
    Proteintech rabbit anti timm23
    IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, <t>TIMM23,</t> PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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    Image Search Results


    IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, TIMM23, PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

    Journal: Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

    Article Title: Immunoglobulin G complexes from post-infectious ME/CFS, including post-COVID ME/CFS disrupt cellular energetics and alter inflammatory marker secretion ☆

    doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101187

    Figure Lengend Snippet: IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, TIMM23, PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

    Article Snippet: Assays were performed using antibodies: Mitofilin antibody (#ab245764, Abcam), Drp1 antibody (#sc-101270, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), TIMM23 (#sc-514463, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), PLD6 antibody (#ab237612, Abcam), FAM73A (Miga1) Antibody (# PA553611 , Invitrogen), LC3β antibody (#18725-1-AP, Proteintech), PINK1 antibody (#NB100-644, Novus Biologicals).

    Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Expressing, Purification, Control, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY, Western Blot, Cleavage Assay

    IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, TIMM23, PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

    Journal: Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

    Article Title: Immunoglobulin G complexes from post-infectious ME/CFS, including post-COVID ME/CFS disrupt cellular energetics and alter inflammatory marker secretion ☆

    doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101187

    Figure Lengend Snippet: IgG from ME/CFS patients induces mitochondrial fragmentation . A. Representative confocal microscopy images show mitochondrial architecture in primary HUVECs expressing stable GFP within mitochondria and exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS, PCS-CFS, and MS patient and control sera. One representative image is shown for each condition. B. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 39), PCS-CFS (n = 15), MS (n = 20) patients, and healthy controls (n = 41). At least 10 cells were imaged per sample, derived from 3 replicates. In the left panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each subject. In the right panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Left) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0004. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0164. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.8676. (Right) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0067. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4794. C. Gender-based separation of average mitochondrial surface area from the above experiment. Each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Female) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0018. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0173. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4938. (Male) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0976. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.5058. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.4462. D. Capillary-based automated Immunoblot analysis of Mitofilin, Drp1, TIMM23, PLD6, Miga1, LC3β, Pink1 protein levels in HUVEC cells 36 h after exposure to 1 μg/mL of purified IgG from ME/CFS (n = 12), PCS-CFS (n = 12), and MS (n = 11) patient and control (n = 12) sera. Vinculin was used as a loading control. E. Fold change values from the above immunoblot analysis were derived from densitometric analysis of bands, normalized to the same value for vinculin. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Drp1) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0387. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.7859. (PLD6) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗∗P = 0.0007. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Timm23) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.1402. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs MS, ∗P = 0.0106. (Miga1) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗P = 0.0284. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗P = 0.0449. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.1896. (LC3β) HD vs ME/CFS, ns P = 0.0684. HD vs PCS-CFS, ns P = 0.1600. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.6075. (Mitofilin) HD vs ME/CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0056. HD vs PCS-CFS, ∗∗P = 0.0029. HD vs MS, ns P = 0.3164. F. Immunoblot analysis shows a decreased amount of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs pretreated with Fc blocker before the exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. G. Schematics of IgG cleavage assay. H. Immunoblot analysis shows the presence of intracellular IgG heavy and light chains in HUVECs after exposure to 1 μg/mL purified IgG, purified Fab fragments, and Fc fragments from ME/CFS patients or control sera for 12 h. Vinculin was used as a loading control. Fc-specific secondary antibody was used (second panel) to detect the full-length heavy chain of IgG and cleaved Fc fragments. I. Quantification of average mitochondrial surface area in primary HUVECs exposed to 1 μg/mL purified IgG or Fab Fragment or Fc fragment from 5 ME/CFS, and 5 controls. In the upper panel, each point represents the mean surface area across all images for each individual. In the lower panel, each point represents the surface area measured from a single image. Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. (Upper Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0317. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.8413. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.6905. (Lower Panel) HD vs ME/CFS IgG, ∗P = 0.0130. HD vs ME/CFS Fab, ns P = 0.5572. HD vs ME/CFS Fc, ns P = 0.3662. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

    Article Snippet: Immunoblotting was carried out as described before ( ; ) using antibodies: Drp1 antibody (#sc-101270, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Mfn1 antibody (#sc-166644, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Mfn2 antibody (#sc-515647, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), PLD6 antibody (#ab237612, Abcam), FAM73A Antibody (# PA553611 , Invitrogen), p53 antibody (#sc-126, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), TOMM20 antibody (#sc-17764, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), TIMM23 antibody (#sc-514463, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), LC3β antibody (#sc-376404, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

    Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Expressing, Purification, Control, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY, Western Blot, Cleavage Assay